Load due to lateral earth pressures, ground water pressure or pressure of bulk materials. L = Roof live load greater than 20 psf (0.96 kN/m 2) and floor live load. L r = Roof live load of 20 psf (0.96 kN/m 2) or less. R = Rain load. S = Snow load. T = Cumulative effects of self-straining load forces and effects. V asd =